Kim Jong Un’s sweeping leadership reshuffle at the Ninth Party Congress—including the exclusion of Choe Ryong Hae—signals tightening internal control driven by his growing fear of elite disloyalty, but it risks weakening elite confidence and eroding the very loyalty he seeks to consolidate.

North Korea opened its once-every-five-years party congress touting economic progress, but persistent sanctions, structural stagnation, and early succession signaling will likely deepen elite uncertainty and strain internal cohesion.

Xi’s purge of his most trusted general highlights a structural contradiction of dictatorships: powerful number twos are ultimately expendable—signaling rising elite tension and a likely rift between Kim Jong Un and his number two, Choe Ryong Hae.